“三步”敲定高考英语定语从句

◎   四川省广元市元坝中学  李华兰

    摘要：所谓定语从句，也称关系从句、形容词性从句，一个句子跟在一名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。定语从句是中高考语法中的重点、难点，中高考主要考查学生对关系代词、关系副词、介词+关系代词的应用。

关键词：高考英语；定语从句；“三步”法

语言知识涵盖语音知识、词汇知识、语法知识、语篇知识和语用知识，是构成语言能力的重要基础。定语从句是高考语法中的重点、难点，也是高考必考内容。所谓定语从句，也称关系从句、形容词性从句，一个句子跟在一名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。高考中考定语从句主要考查学生对关系代词、关系副词、介词+关系代词的应用。关系词的判断主要有三步：第一，首先看先行词指的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。第二步，看先行词在从句中所做的成份：主语、宾语、定语还是表语。第三步，看介词与关系词之间的搭配。介词的选用主要看从句中谓语动词的搭配或介词与先行词之间的搭配。关系词（引导词）如下表：

下面通过一些典型例题来对定语从句关系词用法进行分析：

1.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.

    A. to whom    B. on whom    C. with which    D. with whom

解析：从句my father works对先行词engineer 起到限定作用，engineer指人，排除C，再根据work with sb.，所以选D。

2.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
    A. which        B. where       C. what       D. in which

解析；_____interested me most 对the place起到限定作用，把the place放入从句中，不难发现它做从句的主语，排除B、D，定语从句中没有what，how作为引导词。所以选A。
3.I can never forget the day_____we worked together and the day_______we spent together.

A.when; which  B. which; when  C.what; that  D.on which; when

   解析：此句前后先行词均为the day，把the day放回从句中，分别为we worked together on the day;we spent the day together.我们不难发现同样的先行词在前半部分做状语，后半部分做spent 的宾语，所以选D。

4.He talked a lot about the things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
   A. which        B. that        C. whom        D. what

  解析：先行词things and persons 既有人，又有物，引导词只能用that。

5.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who          B. who's        C. which         D. whose

解析：先行词anyone指人，与从句______family is in the country被in your class间隔开来，排除C。anyone在从句中对family起到限制作用，所以选D。
6.The reason______he didn’t come was_______he was ill.

A.why; that   B.that; why    C.for that; that   D.for which; what

解析：把先行词the reason放于从句中he didn’t come for the reason，在从句中做状语，排除B。定语从句中介词后不能用that，排除C。再看系动词was后表语从句he was ill不缺成份，所以选D。此句型结构可以概括为：The reason why... is/was that...

7.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them         B. which      C. whom        D. who

解析：此题出现两个谓语动词are，且前后由“，”隔开，无连接词。所以排除A。此题很多同学容易填 them ，若把“，”换成and，则选A。此句先行词为2,000 workers指人，排除B；定语从句中，介词后加指人的关系词只能用whom。

8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year     B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year      D. that you talked

解析：先行词films受形容词最高级修饰限制，引导词用that，但films和show间是被动关系，排除B。动词talk为不及物动词，不带宾语，排除D。若在talked后加上about,则可选D。从句中that代替先行词films且在从句中做主语，为了保持主谓一致，所以选A。

9.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who        B. whom       C. that         D. as

解析：先行词man在从句中做表语，排除B。再根据such的搭配，排除A。此题很多同学容易选成that，但such...that ...连接的是状语从句，that不做成份。所以选D。

10.The way _______he looks at problems is wrong.

   A. which         B. whose     C. what     D./

解析：把先行词the way放回从句中he looks at problems in the way ,不难发现在从句中做状语，其引导词应为in which/that或省略。所以选D。

    定语从句在全国卷中主要出现在阅读理解的一些长难句、语法填空、完型、改错题和书面表达中，不再单独出现单选题，但我们可以通过做一些单选题来培养学生理解、判断定语从句和培养其解决问题的能力。

近三年全国卷中出现在阅读理解长难句、语法填空、改错题中的定语从句题：

1.语法填空中

（1）But my connection ...my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,  65  I was the first Western TV reporter ...(2016年全国Ⅰ卷）

（2）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 67 lived from roughly ...(2016年全国III卷）

（3）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,  70   is not good for the health.(2017年全国Ⅰ卷）

（4）Two of the authors ... a study published in 2014  66  showed a mere five to 10 minutes ...(2018年全国Ⅰ卷）

（5）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture ... a soil-testing program 69  gives specific fertilizer recommendations ...(2018年全国II卷）

2.长难句中：

（1）The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that ... (2017年全国II卷B篇）

（2）... you should put ...and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance ... (2017年全国卷II，B篇）

（3）The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach ...(2017年全国II卷C篇）

（4） Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone ... (2018年全国Ⅰ卷C篇）

（5）I learned that ... the same  53  person I met forty years before .(2017年全国II卷）

3.改错题中

（1）In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.

          which         (2017年全国II卷）

 （2）They also had a small pond∧which they raised fish.

in或where (2018年全国Ⅰ卷）

现在的高考虽然淡化语法，但它在理解语篇中起到不可替代的作用，仍然是高考考查语言知识的必考内容。